Nowruz: An Ancient Celebration that Continues to Unite Generations

As we reach the final moments of the winter months, and more and more hints of spring’s arrival are revealed, Nowruz festivities start to begin. 

The Persian New Year, known as Nowruz, celebrates the spring equinox (the official start of spring) where day and night are exactly equal on March 20th. Dating back 3000 years, Nowruz is one of the oldest celebrations to date, with over 300 million people celebrating from various ethnic backgrounds and cultures around the Middle-East and Central Asia. It is deeply rooted in the traditions within Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and other nations once a part of ancient Persia. 

History of Nowruz

Rooted in the ancient Persian religion, Zoroastrianism, the history of Nowruz can be traced all the way back to ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE, from where it quickly spread across the Persian Empire. The religion of Zoroastrianism itself is one of the oldest religions to exist, first being founded by the prophet referred to as Zoroaster by the ancient Greeks. Its principles later went on to influence other major religions such as Judaism and Christianity. The region's main principle is that the world is seen as a moral battlefield where good and evil are in constant conflict, and so humans must choose to support the good through their thoughts, words, and actions. This principle is clearly reflected within the ideals of Nowruz. The celebration of Nowruz symbolizes rebirth, reflection, balance, and the triumph of light over darkness. 

The most recounted tale of Nowruz within Persian mythology is that of King Jamshid of the Persian Empire and how he established Nowruz as the start of the Iranian calendar. It was said that King Jamshid marked the celebration of Nowruz as a way for his subjects to rejoice in the longer days, warmer weather, and the long-awaited arrival of Spring after the gruelling winter months. In addition, some believe that parts of the ancient Persian civilization at Persepolis were specifically designed by King Darius I of Persia in light of Nowruz festivities and ceremonies. 

Traditions and festivities

Nowruz festivities feature many traditions varying from family to family. However, the three most cherished traditions are Charshanbe Soori, the vibrant fire jumping celebration; the Haft Seen, the decorative display of seven symbolic elements; and Sezdebadare, the joyful outdoor gathering to bid farewell to the holiday.

Charshanbe Soori: fire jumping festival 

Charshanbe Soori, a festival celebrated on the eve of the last Tuesday before Nowruz Day (March 20th), is marked by jumping over small bonfires, symbolizing purification and renewal before the new year. Customarily, while leaping over the flames, the phrase "Zardi-ye man az to, sorkhi-ye to az man" is recited, which translates to "My sickness/paleness to you, your warmth/redness to me". This signifies the rejuvenation of oneself before heading into the new year by “burning” one’s illness, negativity and bad luck among the flames in exchange for the light, health and positive energy of the fire’s spirit. 

Haft seen: symbolic display 

The display of the haft seen is the decorated arrangement of 7 symbolic elements starting with the Persian letter "س" (Sin), each representing a different virtue to bring into the coming spring. The elements include Sabzeh, Samanu, Senjed, Seer, Seeb, Somāq, and Serkeh, translating to samanu (Persian pudding), dried oleaster fruit, garlic, apple, somaq (Persian spice), and vinegar.l Alongside are additional optional elements that do not begin with “S”, such as goldfish, painted eggs, candles, flowers, and a mirror. 

Sabzeh (سبزه), sprouted wheat, symbolizes rebirth and growth. Samanu (سمنو), Persian pudding, symbolizes strength. Senjed (سنجد), dried oleaster fruit, symbolizes love and wisdom. Seeb (سیب), apple, symbolizes beauty and good health. Somāq (سماق), sumac, symbolizes the triumph of good over evil. Finally, Serkeh (سرکه),  vinegar, symbolizes patience and aging with grace. 

Sezdebedare: the thirteenth day of spring

Throughout many unique cultures and religions, the number thirteen is viewed to inflict bad energy. In Zoroastrianism, this superstition is no different, which is why, exactly thirteen days after Nowruz on April 2nd, it is tradition to leave your home for the day to stay clear of any bad luck headed for you. Families usually head outside for a picnic, replacing any bad energy with refreshing spring air, laughter, and dance. 

How to Celebrate Nowruz

A central part of celebrating Nowruz is spending time with family. Families often gather for special meals that carry symbolic meaning. One traditional dish is Sabzi Polo ba Mahi, a meal of herbed rice served with fish. The fresh green herbs in the rice represent renewal and the arrival of spring, while the fish symbolizes life and movement into the new year. Another important tradition that takes place before Nowruz is Chaharshanbe Soori, a fire-jumping celebration held on the last Wednesday before the new year. During the event, families and communities gather around small bonfires and jump over the flames while saying phrases that symbolically give their sickness and negativity to the fire and receive warmth and energy in return. Chaharshanbe Soori comes from ancient Iranian rituals, where the spirits of the dead, called Hamaspathmaedaya, were praised. However, during the rise of the Sasanian Empire, the celebration split in two, one half dedicated to praising innocent children and lives, and the second for all other souls. Over time, Chaharshanbe Soori evolved to become what it is today. 

Why Nowruz Still Matters 

Although Nowruz has been celebrated for more than 3,000 years, it continues to remain meaningful in the modern world. One reason for its lasting importance is its recognition by UNESCO as an element of Intangible Cultural Heritage. This recognition highlights the cultural and historical significance of the holiday while also acknowledging the role it plays in preserving traditions. Yet beyond institutional recognition of the holiday, Nowruz is kept alive because of the families who pass down customs and traditions to younger generations. Families pass down practices such as preparing traditional foods, gathering with relatives, and participating in festivities that welcome the new year. Each generation learns from the one that precedes it, allowing the celebration to remain meaningful even as societies evolve. 

Ultimately, Nowruz is a celebration of renewal, history, and the cultural identity of Iran that has been passed down for thousands of years. From its origins to the meaningful symbols of the Haft-seen table, Nowruz continues to unite millions around the globe. By continuing the customs and traditions, people around the world keep the spirit of the holiday alive.